People usually link the word retirement with age and that is where most people suffer, retirement is actually the stage when you have enough capital to do whatever you want for the remaining part of your life. The word retirement should be understood as a desired state of your life where you have actually achieved financial freedom which means you are secured financially for the remaining part of your life. It should be understood as the point where you have enough recurring returns from your savings and investments that you do not have worry about money for the remaining part of life. Retirement age can be different for different people depending on how much they are willing to save for it and how early in life they make this decision.

A basic know how about various pensions schemes like state pensions, workplace pension, personal pension and self-invested pension helps in deciding where you should put your money to plan your retirement.

State Pension:

State pension as the name implies is a pension plan given by government. People require at least contribution of 10 years towards National Insurance to be eligible to get a pension while the contribution time of 35 years is the requirement to get a full state pension. Present age for pension is 66 years, however there are talks to increase it to 67 in future. Online facility is also available for the people to check and estimate the amount they are entitled to along with the plan in which they are enrolled. 

Workplace Pensions:

As the name suggests these are the pension plans where you are automatically enrolled in a pension plan by your employer and you start contributing towards your pension with each pay check. These pension plans do help employees as the employer also contributes towards the amount of your pension. Tax benefits are an add on along with the employer contribution. People enrolled in the workplace pension plans have an advantage of investment funds where your contributions are invested so that employees’ contributions can grow till retirement.

Personal Pensions:

In simple words these are basically the pension schemes in which people enrol themselves as per their needs like contribution per month, investment choices and age at which you want to retire. These are usually provided by the financial institutions and can be tailored according to requirement of the customer. Along with the ability to be customized these plans do provide tax relief as well up to a certain level of contribution. People who want an early retirement prefer as they can increase the contribution level and also opt for the investment choices given by the provider to maximize the returns on their contributions at the age of retirement. 

Self-Invested Personal Pensions (SIPPs):

These are just a type of personal pension that provides customers with a wider range of options for investing the contribution in stocks, bonds, mutual funds and real estate etc. in order to maximize the growth potential of the contribution made by the customers. These are again best suited for the people looking to take more control of their contributions and want to increase the growth of their contributions. However, there is a risk associated with these pension plans as the contributions are invested in various investment products, hence a proper monitoring and management is required for these funds.

 

Considerations for Pension Planning:

Contribution Levels: It is simple you will get the amount of money accumulated according to what you have contributed towards your pension plan. Hence it is very important to contribute a decent amount in order to increase your retirement savings. An employer’s pension plan is recommended in order to get the benefit of employer’s contribution and tax savings.

Investment Strategy: If you are opting for personal and self-invested plans for pension needs you need to have a strategy about investing your contribution as it is your hard-earned money and you will be depending on the returns after your retirement. Therefore, a proper analysis is required to mitigate the risk, to diversify your investments and to decide and change the contribution as per your retirement goals.

Retirement Age and Options: The effectiveness of pension plan depends on how much clear you are about your retirement age and how want to receive the pension payouts like annuities, drawdown or total withdrawals. If you are unsure these facts taking professional help will surely help you a lot in making this decision based on your current situation.

Review and Adjustment: Your pension planning must be agile which means it should be able to accommodate changes in the market and economic conditions, it must also take inflation factor in to consideration as well. Reviewing your retirement strategy and adjusting it as per changing financial conditions is the key to achieve your goals early. Let us take an example here if you think that your income is going to increase substantially you must increase in few years contribution towards your retirement fund and if one of your investments are not working as expected you must consider diversifying by putting the fund somewhere else. This habit of monitoring and making adjustments can prove really effective in achieving your retirement goals much earlier than planned.

No one wants to work in their late fifties or in sixties, but the cold hard fact is a very small percentage of working people is able to achieve the financial freedom early to gift themselves an early retirement. Every working professional must have a strategy to work efficiently and invest effectively so that they can achieve a state early in their life where they are working for their passion and not to just survive and pay the bills. Trust the fact that harder you work in your twenties and thirties; more are the chances you would not have to work after your late forties so that you can enjoy the financial freedom that you deserve and explore more about this beautiful gift which we all call life. Planning and perseverance can make dreams come true.

It is tough these days for an average working person to maintain a decent standard of living and pursue financial freedom unless you are working for a big organisation or you have a business which is generating as stable and increasing income. And if your present income is falling short in achieving the savings and investments you want to make side income can be the best solution to achieve the level of savings you want to make. Everyone starts somewhere and picking up a side hustle does not mean that it’s hard for you to make ends meet. It simply means that you are willing to put an extra effort to get you the leverage financially. Picking up a right-side hustle can open doors for entrepreneurship and personal growth.

So, in these dynamic times an individual must acquire a skill or must be willing to put extra hours in a part time job to earn money which can be further used to learn a skill or make investments. It is a simple cycle if you just think which is if you have a skill earn money and invest, if you don’t then put extra hours to learn skill then earn money and then invest to generate wealth. People have done it and made a name for themselves in the society. These days anyone can work a bit extra and learn a skill and leverage it for financial gains and get closer to their financial goals. Let’s try to explore some areas where an individual can put effort and upskill or use a skill to get paid.

Freelancing opportunities in United Kingdom:

Globalization and outburst of information technology has actually made it easier for people to use their skill set in problem solving in various domains like web development, graphic designing, writing and content creation, digital marketing, analytics, consulting and coaching, service management etc. United Kingdom’s economy provides ample opportunities to work in these domains as a freelancer on a project-based role:

Writing and Content Creation: As the name suggests it requires a decent working knowledge of a language and cleverness to use writing tools available. You can easily become a freelance writer and create content for websites, blogs and publications to get paid decently.

Graphic Design: In any business creativity is the key to establish the brand image of the organization among the customers. And that is where these professionals are required by startups, organizations and sometimes even governments for branding by using creative and meaningful logos and graphics to convey the vision of organization. These professionals have huge demand globally and the only prerequisite is a creative mind and working knowledge of tools Canva, illustrator etc. 

Web Development and Design: Today online presence is a mandatory for any business to grow and develop in to a brand irrespective of its size and domain. Hence there is a constant demand of people who are skilled in the discipline of web development and designing. With hard work and perseverance this amazing skill can be learned for free from various websites and YouTube channels and this is among top skills to have in this decade as it is a crucial requirement for any business in any domain. 

Digital Marketing: Every organization in every domain may it be product oriented or service oriented requires marketing because a business generates money by selling its products and services and to sell these services or products and marketing finds the potential customers for a business. Digital marketing helps the businesses to reach a wider audience online. Skills like search engine optimization, email marketing, social media marketing helps businesses to gain wider range of audience and customers for their products and services. And hence the demand for digital marketing professionals is here to stay so this skill set can be an amazing side hustle.

Consulting and Coaching: Consulting has always been a high in demand service that businesses require in various aspects like finance, marketing, new product development, quality management, process excellence and human resources. People with excellent problem-solving skills and domain knowledge can make impressive income by providing consulting services as a side hustle. Coaching services can also be an impressive side hustle in the areas of business development, career guidance, finance, information technology etc.

E-Commerce and Online Selling:

In today’s technology driven market almost every business in the world want to sell their products online and it creates the opportunity and demand of online marketplaces. Creating an e-commerce platform can be an amazing source of income forget about it being a side hustle it can become a flourishing business that can serve customers’ needs in any domain like groceries, clothing, medicine and even getting a pet adopted online in United Kingdom.

Drop shipping: 

You might have seen a lot of ads these days about drop shipping on the internet, in simple words it is just facilitating the connection between products and the customers online. It requires only the skill to create an online store so that you can sell the products of suppliers online. The process of selling products online eliminates the need of inventory management and saves a lot of money. Technically skilled people use drop shipping as a source of passive income.

Handmade Goods: 

Creativity pays and if you are creative enough to make hand crafted products like artwork, jewellery, accessories, portable furniture and market these products in a right way you can create an entire segment of market for yourself. You can have a website to sell your products or use platforms like Etsy. 

Print-on-Demand: 

Customization is a luxury that everyone wants. People to wear their thoughts literally on their sleeves. So, if you are creative enough and have a good network to promote customized products you can definitely sell custom merchandise like t- shirts, coffee mugs, phone cases and create a passive income

Gig Economy Jobs:

Gig economy jobs means jobs that you can do as side gig to support yourself financially. These jobs can help a lot if you are planning to accumulate funds to learn something, get a course, certification or even a degree, students do these when they usually migrate to a different country to support their expenses during their course duration. Popular gig jobs in the United Kingdom can include driving for platforms like Uber, Lyft etc, food delivery for platforms like Deliveroo, Uber eats or just Eat. Running basic errands for clients through portals like Task Rabbit, Gig walk etc. Even dog walking or pet sitting is becoming a popular choice for side hustle these days, in fact there are some dedicated portals for it like Rover or Paw shake.

Online Courses and Coaching:

Teaching is one of the most prestigious jobs and what if you can make a decent amount of money doing it online the rising demand for knowledge in present age has transformed the education system around the world. Learning day is easy and if you have skill of teaching with expertise in domains like language, coding, marketing, fitness, finance, mathematics, statistics, analytics you have the potential monetize your knowledge and that too at a global level. Platforms like Udemy and various new ed tech start up can provide a decent income for online teaching. So, this side hustle can become your thing to do in no time.

 

It is simply a matter of willingness to put efforts with dedication towards your goals. Dreaming alone about success will not get you success it is conviction towards goals, dedication to put in effort consistently and not quitting even in hardest times. If you can’t run jog, you cannot jog walk, if you cannot even walk crawl but no matter what keep moving everything else will fall into place. Remember hard work combined with perseverance will make you unstoppable.

Industrial benchmarks and standards in a very basic sense lay down the structure for operations, practices and limitations that an organisation must follow to ensure fair treatment with the customers. Regulatory compliance ensures that the organisations working in any domain are conducting business fairly and ethically. Same goes with the banking domain in United Kingdom where regulatory bodies and compliance structure ensures that the financial institutions are operating in compliance with the standards and norms. This helps the customers in getting fair and transparent services.

It is extremely important for not just customers but the society that the organizations managing funds in any form are regulated. There has to be a framework which these organisations must comply to in order to maintain trust and security among the customers. Every country has regulatory bodies to ensure that the regulations are followed.

Regulatory Bodies

Financial Conduct Authority (FCA): As the name implies it oversees and regulates the financial firms conduct of operations to ensure customer protection in the United Kingdom. Retail banking activities like lending, payment services, management of savings bank accounts and insurance services etc. are covered under the spectrum of this regulatory body.

Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA): Organisations which are responsible for handling money must be regulated by a centralized authority and that is where Prudential Regulation Authority comes into the picture. It is responsible to ensure safety and sustainability of financial institutions by setting a framework for capital requirements, doing stress test and supervising risk management practices. It sets regulations for supervision of banks, insurance providers, credit unions and major investment firms.

Bank of England:  Being the central bank of the nation Bank of England ensures financial stability by planning monetary policies, calculating base rates for various lending products and mitigating risks within the banking system by controlling various parameters that effect financial landscape in United Kingdom. To effectively apply these policies and strategies it works closely with FCA and PRA explained above to maintain financial stability for the nation.

The regulations set by the regulatory authorities provides a structured framework in which the financial organisations work. Let us get our basic understanding of some crucially important regulations.

Key Regulations:

Consumer Credit Act 1974: If we observe the process of lending, we can easily find out that most people while taking credit do not read the terms and conditions of the agreement carefully. There should be a regulation to protect people from the unjust lending practices which provides the customers to cancel the agreement if they feel it is not something they are comfortable with. Customers must have the right to know the entire details of their lending agreement as only then it would be fair for the customer to decide whether to take credit or not. And that is exactly what consumer credit act regulates by providing a transparent framework for lending activities.

 Payment Services Regulations 2017: The Payment Services Regulations paved the way for new players in the payment service market which has provided more choices for the customers to select better and innovative payment services. It has led to better data protection for customers along with the enforcing regulatory obligations enhancing transparency and accountability promoting consumer protection.

Open Banking Regulations: Open banking regulations have enabled banks with a secured way of sharing consumer data with authorized third-party fin-tech service providers. This reform has led the innovative collaboration between banks and fin- tech firms resulting in better services for the customers like account aggregation, advanced budgeting applications, and artificial intelligence enabled personal recommendations for the best suited financial product for the customers.

Impact on Banks and Consumers:

 Compliance Costs: 

Making sure that an organization is compliant with the regulations in the working domain requires a significant amount of money. Financial institutions do bear many kinds of costs in meeting the compliance requirements such as cost of setting up systems to monitor compliance of various business processes, cost of human resources involved in compliance operations, cost of tools used for analysis and reporting. If these organisations fail to manage these compliances, then they have to pay huge penalties and fines which is much greater than these costs.

 Consumer Protection: 

When regulations are enforced properly in any domain the end user in that domain is actually the one that benefits the most out of these regulations. It is simply because regulations safeguard the customers from unjust practices, deceptive terms etc. In banking domain as public money is on the line and banks or other financial institutions are lending money to the customers at interest it becomes really important to regulate the practices of these firms or banks so that the customer is getting fair and transparent service. In addition to the fairness of the services these regulations do ensure that the customers are getting crystal clear and accurate information about the financial service they are getting.

 Market Competition: 

Making standard and common regulations in the banking domain provides an operating framework which promotes competition by providing the common ground to operate for banks and other financial institutions. And in a competitive environment the businesses do evolve and everyone benefits especially the customer as the customer is getting more choices for the financial services, variety of services as the competitors do try to give the best services possible to increase their market share and in addition to these benefits the customers do get the innovative products as each competitor will come up with new innovations to try to disrupt the market.

Regulatory Data:

Number of Regulatory Actions: Data regarding the regulatory actions against the financial organisations is released periodically and publicly by FCA. A total fine of £ 785.6 million has been charged fines for misconduct, non-compliance and consumer harm in the year 2021.

Consumer Complaints: The job of receiving and resolving complaints against the financial organisations is done by Financial Ombudsman Services also known as FOS. A staggering number of 28,033 complaints were registered related to banking services and credit and 29 percent of those went in favour of the customers in the year 2021.

Interest rate is simply the percentage of the principal that you either supposed to pay or receive in a given time. Hence it is a factor that everyone must consider seriously before either making an investment or taking credit. Low interest rate selection can save you a substantial amount of money and an investment made with a high rate of interest can maximize your future profits.

Understanding the basics

The rate of interest in layman terms is percentage rate at which your principal amount will be either giving you profits or charges for the tenure decided. The interest rate can either be fixed or variable. The fixed rate remains same for the entire term of your loan or investment whereas variable rate is the one that will be varying according to market trends or fluctuations in bench marked rates.

To cater the entire demand spectrum of individuals and businesses banks and financial institutions in United Kingdom offers various kinds of interest rates which will be discussing in detail below.

 

Interest and interest rates explained - Aintree Group

 

Types of interest rates

Base Rate: In simple terms base rate is the rate calculated by the Bank of England and is used by other banks as a standard to regulate their interest charges for loans, mortgages, investments etc. This base rate is actually a standardized benchmark for the various financial institutions to set up their interest rates as it is determined by Bank of England which is a financial regulating body in United Kingdom. We can say in a simple and lucid way that interest rates of all banks and financial institutions depends on how the base rate is varying.

Mortgage Rates: As the name suggests it is just the percentage at which you get your mortgage for your property. Mortgage rates can depend on factors which quantify your eligibility for application for mortgage like loan to value ratio and credit worthiness, credit score etc. These can also vary with variation in base rate as it is the bench marking factor. Also, they can vary due to the external market factors like competition, entry of a new market leader in the sector.

Personal Loan Rates: Personal loans are basically the loans provided by the banks for customers with good credit score for various personal uses ranging from debt consolidation to large purchases. These are unsecured loans with either fixed or variable rate of interest completely depending on the bank and the offer available to the customer.

Credit card rates: Credit cards can be considered as the lifeline of credit for modern consumers. These are used for everything including groceries, travel, entertainment, education etc. These are provided to the individuals with good credit score and credit management. Credit cards can provide various benefits like promotional interest rate offers; balance transfer offers etc. in terms of interest rate benefits. Apart from these credit cards do provide the customers with cash back and benefits in getting various offers for loans if the customer is maintaining credit card really well and paying on time. The interest rates in credit card have normally two components one is the prime rate and the other is bank rate when combined together called annual purchase rate for the card. People who know how to shuffle the debt can take advantage of credit cards to the fullest.

Savings Account Rates: This is the rate of interest at which your deposited money grows in your savings account. The savings account rates may vary depending on the type of savings account you have which can be either notice accounts, easy access accounts, fixed rate bonds etc. These rates vary with the base rate, competition in the market and funding expense estimated by the bank and the various marketing strategies of the bank.

Business Loan Rates: As the name implies business loans is a lending service offered by the banks to various businesses and the rates at which loan is to be returned is simply known as business loan rate. Corporations may use these loans for fund raising, getting new machinery. Expansion of business etc. These loans rates vary in accordance with the amount of the loan, tenure of loan, creditworthiness of business etc.

Overdraft Rates: Banks usually offer overdraft service in which the customers can withdraw money exceeding than what is available in their current accounts the rate of interest that the customer should pay the bank to do so is called overdraft rate. Your overdraft rate can be affected by the type of overdraft which can be either arranged overdraft or unarranged overdraft. Sometimes there can be an additional cost associated for utilizing the overdraft along with the interest rate.

 

Exploring the Dynamics of interest rates

Changes in the interest rates effect the customers’ borrowing and saving habits which impacts profitability and competitiveness of financial institutions. If customers are aware about the factors that effect the interest rates of the financial institutions, they would be able to take right decisions regarding their debt and investments.

Base Rate Set by the Bank of England: We can say that the interest rates of retail banks are function of base rate because if base rates are changed the interest rates change. This base rate is regulated by the Monetary Policy Committee of England. The base rate is a function of various economic factors like inflation rate, projected economic growth, employment rates etc. Changes in the base rate can be used to tackle the changes in these economic factors by the central bank.

 Market Competition: Interest rates are affected by the changes in the market and the competitors. To cope up with the changes in the market and the strategic actions of competitors the banks have to change the interest rates ensure their profitability and maintain the market share. There are various characteristics which defines competition in the retail banking like technical innovation, customer service, better product differentiation. If the competitors are increasing their efficiency in these characteristics banks would have to rethink about their pricing strategies and interest rates offered.

Cost of Funds: Interest rate charged by the bank can be seen as the direct function of the cost which the bank bear in getting the funds for lending them out to the customers. Resources that bank depend on like capital markets, consumer’s deposit etc. have risks associated with them. Any change in these sources of funds will have substantial changes in the interest rates, changes like change in investor sentiment, regulatory changes, fluctuation in market rates will change the interest rates offered by the banks to the customers.

Regulatory Environment: Rules and regulations set and enforced by the bodies like Financial Conduct Authority and Prudential Regulation Authority models the operating conditions for the banks and as a response to this change banks changes their interest rates to make sure that they are profitable under these circumstances. Regulations like capital criteria, liquidity limits, consumer protection can have substantial effects on risk profiling and capital structures of the banks which in turn changes the interest rates offered by them.

Credit Risk: The higher the probability of the customer to default the credit greater will be the interest rate charged. Banks or financial institutions evaluate probability of default for a credit based on various factors like income, debt to income ratio, credit score etc. The more the probability of default the greater is the credit risk.

 

How to use these variations to your advantage

In simple words you need to minimize the interest that you will be paying for credit and maximize the return on your investment. You can easily achieve this by observing the offers and interest rates offered with them. You can do shuffling of the credit by using balance transfers and take the advantage of nearly zero percent interest rates. For money invested you can track the trends and find out which bank and which account will give maximum returns. It just takes a little analysis that you can even do a spreadsheet tool and you will be amazed by the amount that you will end up saving.

Financial ratios in simple words are the ratios which are used to estimate the efficiency of business operations, solvency of business, company’s liquidity and profitability. These ratios provide insights regarding various aspects of the business which helps the analysts and the investors about the investment prospects and the risk associated with investing in the business. Periodic review of financial ratios is essential to monitor financial health and performance of any business which makes analysis of these ratios a must have skill for business owners.

We will discuss each aspect in which various financial ratios are calculated and analysed. Majorly financial ratios are categorized under liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, solvency ratios, efficiency ratios, and market value ratios.

 

Financial Ratios are Key to Understanding Business Performance

 

Liquidity Ratios

Liquidity ratio in simple words is ratio of liquid assets to the current liabilities, if we look carefully at the ratio, we are comparing liquid assets to current liabilities and hence this metric basically tells the about the ability of a company to pay its current liabilities like short- term debt. The preferred value of liquidity ratio is above 1 as it has assets as numerator and liabilities as denominator. 

There are three major ratios which are covered under the liquidity ratio which are current ratio, quick ratio and cash ratio.

 

  • Current Ratio:

Formula: Current ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities

Significance: In simple words current ratio is a ratio of current assets to current liabilities. So, if a company has current assets of greater value than current liabilities it has current ratio greater than 1 and if it has current assets of value lesser than current liabilities than the ratio is smaller than one. A value greater than one for the current ratio means that the company can easily pay off current debt obligations using its current assets.

 

  • Quick Ratio (Acid-Test Ratio):

Formula: Quick ratio = (Cash + Accounts Receivables + Marketable Securities) / Current Liabilities.

Significance:  As the name suggests this ratio is called as quick ratio as it only covers the assets that can be quickly converted to cash to cover the current liabilities of a company. It is a much robust test of a company’s ability to take care of its current liabilities as it considers only the assets that can be converted to cash in a short period of time like cash, accounts receivables, and marketable securities. Hence it is also referred to as the true test of a company’s liquidity.

 

Profitability Ratios

Profitability ratios as the name suggests are the ratios which tells about the profitability which can be understood as the ability of a company to generate profit with respect to revenue, balance sheet, costs of running operations, and stakeholder’s equity for a specific time. These ratios help in estimating how well an organisation is using its assets to generate profits and value for the shareholders.

To gain an edge every business needs to how well they are performing compared to competitors in the domain and how much the business has improved in comparison to the past performance reports.

Profitability ratios are of two types which are Margin ratios and Return ratios. These ratios monitor profitability at the cost level of measurement or in terms of returns provided to shareholders.

 

  • Gross Profit Margin:

Formula:   Gross Profit Margin = (Revenue – Cost of Goods Sold) / Revenue

Significance: From the formula mentioned above it can be understood as the ratio of revenue that exceeds the costs of goods sold. In simple words it compares revenue with the gross profit. Increasing gross margin can indicate that the company can charge some premium for its goods or services. Decreasing gross margin however indicates the increasing competition in the domain.

 

  • Operating Margin

Formula: Operating Margin = Operating Income/ Revenue

Significance: Operating margin in simple words is the ratio of operating income to revenue. Operating income here refers to the money left from sales after taking our costs of goods sold and operating expenses. It is an amazing indicator of the managing operations. A company with good operating margin is usually able to absorb damage in profits due to slow economy.

 

  • Pretax Margin

Formula: Pretax Margin = Earnings Before Tax/ Revenue

Significance:  From the formula mentioned above we can analyse that the Pre tax margin is the ratio of earnings before tax and revenue. It quantifies how much profit a company generates before paying the taxes to the government. It reflects the impact of management decisions as pretax margin is about the before taking out taxes.

 

  • Net Profit Margin: 

Formula:   Net Profit Margin = Net Profit / Revenue

Significance: This metric is basically used to estimate net profitability of a company as it deals with the profit after taking out every expense and taxes from the revenue. From the formula mentioned above we can observe that it is the ratio of profit to revenue for a given time period. It gives the estimate that how much profit a company makes after generating a particular revenue value.

 

  • Return Ratios:

Return ratios in simple words are the ratios used to compare total income with the assets, equity, and invested capital for a business as this comparison provides insights regarding the efficiency of a company to convert the invested capital into profit for shareholders. Return ratios are directly correlated with the capability of a business to manage investments. The capability of a business to generate returns efficiently for shareholders and investors which is quantified with return ratios drives investors and shareholders to invest capital in the business.

Return on Assets (ROA): Formula: Return on Assets = Net Profit / Total Assets

Significance: Return on assets in simple words is the efficiency of utilization of assets to generate the profit observed in a given time. It is calculated to estimate how well a company can use its assets to generate returns for its shareholders.

 

  • Return on Equity (ROE):

Formula:  Return on Equity = Net Profit / Shareholder’s Equity

Significance: This is an important metric for the shareholders as it quantifies profit earned against the shareholder’s equity. High return on equity is a good sign for investors as it indicates that the company is able to generate cash and do not have rely on debt to generate profits.

Understanding financial ratios not only helps in managing finances related to business efficiently but also provides insights regarding operations, sales, business strategy, and reputation among shareholders. Smart investors go through these numbers before making investment decisions as financial ratios describe the overall condition of a business and provide an estimate of risk associated with investing in the business.

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